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      • 1a - Epidemiology
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  1. 1a - Epidemiology

Strategies to allow/adjust for confounding in design and analysis

PLEASE NOTE:

We are currently in the process of updating this chapter and we appreciate  your patience whilst this is being completed.

 

See “Biases and confounding."

 

 

‹ Interactions, methods for assessment of effect modification up The design, applications, strengths and weaknesses of descriptive studies and ecological studies ›

Navigation

  • Use of routine vital and health statistics to describe the distribution of disease in time and place and by person
  • Numerators, denominators and populations at risk
  • Time at risk
  • Methods for Summarising Data
  • Incidence and prevalence including direct and indirect standardisation
  • Years of Life Lost
  • Measures of disease burden (event-based and time-based) and population attributable risks including identification of comparison groups appropriate to Public Health
  • Sources of variation, its measurement and control
  • Common errors in epidemiological measurements, their effects on numerator and denominator data and their avoidance
  • Concepts and measures of risk
  • Effect measures including odds ratios, rate ratios and risk ratios (relative risk)
  • Association and Causation
  • Biases and Confounding
  • Interactions, methods for assessment of effect modification
  • Strategies to allow/adjust for confounding in design and analysis
  • The design, applications, strengths and weaknesses of descriptive studies and ecological studies
  • Design, applications, strengths and weaknesses of cross-sectional, analytical studies (including cohort, case-control and nested case-control studies), and intervention studies (including randomised controlled trials)
  • Analysis of health and disease in small areas
  • Validity, reliability and generalisability
  • Intention to treat analysis
  • Clustered data - effects on sample size and approaches to analysis
  • Numbers needed to treat (NNTs) - calculation, interpretation, advantages and disadvantages
  • Time-trend analysis, time series designs
  • Nested case-control studies
  • Methods of sampling from a population
  • Methods of allocation in intervention studies
  • The design of documentation for recording survey data, construction of valid questionnaires and methods for validating observational techniques
  • Construction of valid questionnaires
  • Methods for validating observational techniques
  • Studies of disease prognosis
  • The ethics and etiquette of epidemiological research
  • Appropriate use of statistical methods in the analysis and interpretation of epidemiological studies, including life-table analysis
  • Epidemic theory (effective & basic reproduction numbers, epidemic thresholds) & techniques for analysis of infectious disease data (construction & use of epidemic curves, generation numbers, exceptional reporting & identification of significant clusters)
  • Systematic reviews, methods for combining data from several studies, and meta-analysis
  • Electronic bibliographical databases and their limitations
  • Grey literature
  • Publication bias
  • Evidence based medicine and policy
  • The hierarchy of research evidence - from well conducted meta-analysis down to small case series
  • The Cochrane collaboration
  • Understanding of basic issues and terminology in the design, conduct, analysis and interpretation of population-based genetic association studies, including twin studies, linkage and association studies
  • Appendix

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  • 3c - Applications
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